The Process for Handling Cases Requiring Corrections, Retractions, and Editorial Expressions of Concern

We strive to ensure the integrity of the academic record of all publications. Whenever it is found that a material inaccuracy, misleading statement, or misrepresentation has been published, it must be corrected promptly. If, after proper investigation, the item is found to be fraudulent, it should be revoked. The rebuttal must be clearly identified to readers and indexing systems.

Corrections

Errors in published articles may be flagged as corrections, or typographical errors when the Editor-in-Chief deems it appropriate to inform the Journal readers about the error and correct the published article. The correction or typo will appear as a new article in the Journal and will cite the original published article.

Retractions

Retractions are considered and published if there are serious errors in the article that make the conclusions invalid. Retractions are also made in cases where there is evidence of malpractice in publication, such as plagiarism, duplication of publication, or unethical research.

Editorial expressions of concern

If there are serious doubts about the honesty or integrity of a submitted or published article, the Journal editors may consider issuing an expression of concern. However, an expression of concern should only be made if investigations into issues related to the article have not yielded results and if there are strong indications of a well-founded concern.

The expression of concern will be linked to the published article to which it relates.